If an answer is not known, the chatbot responds with an unrelated question to derail the conversation’s direction. We see here an often-used cheat in chatbots. Goostman: Just because 2 plus 2 is 5! By the way, what’s your occupation? I mean - could you tell me about your work? Questioner: Why do birds suddenly appear? 10 Goostman is first asked a question proposed in the first line of the lyrics of the song “Close to You,” popularized by the Carpenters: Here are a couple of examples of an exchange between Goostman and his questioner. In short, Goostman’s software character was gamed to pass the Turing test. Likewise, his tendency to be silly and deflect questions could be considered typical teenage behavior. He was supposedly a teenager, so any lack of depth of understanding could be chalked up to his naïve intellect. Goostman supposedly was a Ukrainian, which meant English was not his first language, so his poor grammar could be excused. One posted subtitle claiming this reads, “‘Eugene Goostman’ fools 33% of interrogators into thinking it is human, in what is seen as a milestone in artificial intelligence.” 9īut those making a test often cheat to tweak the outcome. Most famously, a computer program known as “Eugene Goostman” purportedly passed. There are those who claim that today’s chatbots 8 have passed the Turing test. If the answer is almost immediate, you are talking to a computer.) Simply ask it to calculate the cube root of twelve out to ten significant figures. (Incidentally, the converse of the Turing test is easy. If a questioner gets lucid, human-sounding answers from the computer, and believes the computer is in fact a human typing in answers from another room, then the test has been passed. The imitation game (which came to be called the Turing test) simply asks whether, in a conversational exchange using text (that is, an exchange in which the participants are hidden from each other), a sufficiently sophisticated computer can be distinguished from a human. How can computers imitate humans, according to Turing? This is why the biographical movie starring Benedict Cumberbatch as Turing was titled The Imitation Game. Turing equated intelligence with problem solving, did not consider questions of consciousness and emotion, 6 and referred to people as “human computers.” 7 Turing’s version of the “imitation game” was proposed to show that computers could duplicate the conversational human. The Flawed Turing TestĪlan Turing, an atheist, wanted to show we are machines and that computers could be creative. Both results are surprising and unexpected, but there is no creativity contributed from computer code. Shortly, we’ll give examples from computer searches for making the best move in the game of GO and for simulated swarms. The creativity credit belongs to the computer programmer who chose the set of solutions to be explored. The computer code that searches among different solutions, though, is not creative. The solution chosen by the computer can be unexpected. 5 Often, though, surprise occurs as a result of successful implementation of a computer search that explores a myriad of solutions for a problem. Machines can surprise us if they’re programmed by humans to surprise us, or if the programmer has made a mistake and thus experienced an unexpected outcome. Likewise, he said, “Machines take me by surprise with great frequency.” So perhaps, he argued, it is the element of surprise that’s relevant, not the ability to originate something new. 3 Turing argued that we can’t even be sure that humans create, because humans do “nothing new under the sun”-but they do surprise us. Turing is often called the father of computer science, having established the idea for modern computers in the 1930s. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform.” 2Īlan Turing disagreed. She wrote in 1842 that the computer “has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. 1 She also was quite possibly the first to note that computers will not be creative-that is, they cannot create something new. Lady Ada Lovelace (1815–1852), daughter of the poet George Gordon, Lord Byron, was the first computer programmer, writing algorithms for a machine that was planned but never built. In this and subsequent chapters we will explore what creativity is, and in the end it will become clear that, properly defined, AI is no more creative than a pencil. To talk fruitfully about creativity, the term must be defined so that everyone is talking about the same thing and no one is bending the meaning to fit their purpose. ( Non-Computable You: What You Do That Artificial Intelligence Never Will (Discovery Institute Press, 2022) by Robert J. Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Flipboard Print arroba Email
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